Charts — History Future Now

UN WPP 2024; CDC NCHS (US births by race/ethnicity); Eurostat; ONS (UK births by parents' country of birth); Statistics Canada; ABS; Russia 2021 Census. European-heritage figures adjust geographic births for immigrant-origin share and add diaspora births (US non-Hispanic white, Canada, Australia, NZ, Latin America, Russia ethnic Russian).

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Part 4

The Builders Are Dying: How the Populations That Made the Modern World Are Disappearing — And What Happens Next

European and East Asian Share of World Population, 1800–2100

UN Population Division 2024, Maddison Project Database 2020. Geographic regions, not ethnic composition.

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Part 4

The Builders Are Dying: How the Populations That Made the Modern World Are Disappearing — And What Happens Next

Population Trajectories 2025–2100 (Indexed: 2025 = 100)

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2024 (median variant)

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Part 4

The Builders Are Dying: How the Populations That Made the Modern World Are Disappearing — And What Happens Next

South Africa: Eskom Load-Shedding Hours per Year, 2007–2024

CSIR South Africa, Eskom Annual Reports

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Part 4

The Builders Are Dying: How the Populations That Made the Modern World Are Disappearing — And What Happens Next

South Africa: GDP Per Capita (Constant 2015 USD), 1994–2024

World Bank, World Development Indicators

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Part 4

The Builders Are Dying: How the Populations That Made the Modern World Are Disappearing — And What Happens Next

The Vanishing Map: Projected Population Change by Country (2025–2050)

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2024 (medium variant)

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Part 4

The Death Of The Fourth Estate: What The Collapse Of Newspapers Means For Democracy, Power, And Truth

Five Information Revolutions

History Future Now analysis.

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Part 4

The Death Of The Fourth Estate: What The Collapse Of Newspapers Means For Democracy, Power, And Truth

The Collapse of US Newspaper Employment

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Northwestern Medill Local News Initiative.

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Part 4

The Death Of The Fourth Estate: What The Collapse Of Newspapers Means For Democracy, Power, And Truth

The Advertising Revenue Cliff

Pew Research Center, Newspaper Association of America.

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Part 4

The Death Of The Fourth Estate: What The Collapse Of Newspapers Means For Democracy, Power, And Truth

A Tale of Two Newspapers: NYT vs Washington Post

NYT earnings, WaPo Guild, media reports.

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

The Arithmetic of Extinction

Mathematical projection: each generation = previous × (fertility rate ÷ 2)

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

The Cost of Raising a Child vs. Median Wages

ONS, BLS, OECD, Nationwide Building Society, Coram Family and Childcare (1975-2024)

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

Female Fertility Decline by Age

ACOG (2014), RCOG (2011), HFEA (2024). Natural conception = per-cycle probability; IVF = live birth rate per cycle.

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

Share of Global Births: European-Heritage & East Asian Populations

UN WPP 2024; CDC NCHS; Eurostat; ONS; Statistics Canada; ABS; Russia 2021 Census. Heritage-adjusted, not geographic.

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

Old-Age Dependency Ratios: 2020 vs 2050

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2024; World Bank

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

Pro-Natalist Policy Interventions and Fertility Outcomes

Eurostat, national statistics offices (Hungary KSH, INSEE, SCB, CBS Israel). Before = pre-policy baseline; After = latest available.

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Part 4

The Empty Cradle Bargain: Why Falling Birth Rates Are Everyone's Problem

The Cradle Map: Where Babies Are — and Aren't — Being Born (2024)

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2024

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Part 4

The Empty Throne: Why the West No Longer Believes in Its Own Institutions

Trust in Government Over Time: US, UK, France, Germany (1960–2025)

Pew Research Center; Eurobarometer; Edelman Trust Barometer

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Part 4

The Empty Throne: Why the West No Longer Believes in Its Own Institutions

Trust Across Institutions: The Universal Decline (Latest Data)

Edelman Trust Barometer 2025; Gallup

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Part 4

The Empty Throne: Why the West No Longer Believes in Its Own Institutions

The Pattern: Trust Collapse and What Followed

Historical analysis; Pew Research; Eurobarometer

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Part 4

The Empty Throne: Why the West No Longer Believes in Its Own Institutions

Populist Party Vote Share in Europe (2000–2024)

ParlGov database; national election data

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Part 4

The Gates of Nations: How Every Civilisation in History Controlled Immigration — Until the West Stopped

Foreign-Born Population Share: US, UK, Germany, France (1900–2030)

UN Population Division; Migration Policy Institute; national census data. 2025–2030 projected.

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Part 4

The Gates of Nations: How Every Civilisation in History Controlled Immigration — Until the West Stopped

Public Opinion: "Immigration Should Be Reduced" (1965–2024)

Gallup (US); Ipsos MORI (UK); Infratest dimap (Germany). Selected survey years.

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Part 4

The Gates of Nations: How Every Civilisation in History Controlled Immigration — Until the West Stopped

Net Fiscal Impact of Immigration by Origin Group

Danish Ministry of Finance (2018); Dutch CPB (2003); UK MAC (2018). Annual net fiscal contribution per capita, approximate.

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Part 4

The Gates of Nations: How Every Civilisation in History Controlled Immigration — Until the West Stopped

The Open Gate: Foreign-Born Population as Share of Total (2024)

UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024; OECD

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Part 4

The Great Divergence: Why Young Men and Women No Longer See the Same World

The Gender-Ideology Gap Among 18–29 Year Olds (2000–2024)

Gallup; Financial Times/John Burn-Murdoch (2024); European Social Survey

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Part 4

The Great Divergence: Why Young Men and Women No Longer See the Same World

Gender Gap on Key Issues (US, 18–29 Year Olds, 2024)

The 19th/SurveyMonkey 2025; Gallup

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Part 4

The Great Divergence: Why Young Men and Women No Longer See the Same World

University Degree Attainment by Sex (OECD Average, 2000–2024)

OECD Education at a Glance 2024

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Global Fertility Collapse

World Bank, UN Population Division, national statistics offices (2023-2024).

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Long Decline: Fertility Rates 1960-2024

World Bank, UN Population Division.

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

Europe's Fertility Crisis

Eurostat, national statistics offices (2023-2024).

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Economics of Parenthood

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

Delayed Lives: Marriage Age Rising

Office for National Statistics.

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Convergence Trap

INSEE, Volant, Pison & Héran, Population & Societies no. 568 (2019).

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

Immigration as Fiscal Drain

Suomen Perusta (2019), Immigrations and Public Finances in Finland. Age-standardised net fiscal effects relative to native Finnish baseline.

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Welfare Gap

Center for Immigration Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Gerontocracy

Congressional Research Service.

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Coming Burden: Old-Age Dependency Ratios

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects (2024 revision).

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Part 4

The Great Emptying: How Collapsing Birth Rates Will Reshape Power, Politics And People

The Fertility Map: Total Fertility Rate by Country (2024)

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2024

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Part 4

The Invisible Judge: Why Guilt and Shame Societies Are Incompatible

Hofstede Individualism Score by Country (Proxy for Guilt vs. Shame Orientation)

Hofstede, Culture's Consequences (2001); Hofstede Insights country comparison tool

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Part 4

The Invisible Judge: Why Guilt and Shame Societies Are Incompatible

Corruption Perceptions Index by Culture Type

Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2024; culture classification per Benedict/Hofstede

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Part 4

The Invisible Judge: Why Guilt and Shame Societies Are Incompatible

Global Innovation Index Score by Culture Type

WIPO, Global Innovation Index 2025; culture classification per Benedict/Hofstede

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Part 4

The Locked Gate: How the West Priced Its Children Out of Existence

House Price-to-Income Ratio: Selected Countries (1970–2025)

OECD; ONS; ABS; Statistics Canada

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Part 4

The Locked Gate: How the West Priced Its Children Out of Existence

The Demographic Mechanism: Housing Cost vs. Fertility Rate

OECD; UN Population Division; national statistics offices

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Part 4

The Locked Gate: How the West Priced Its Children Out of Existence

Homeownership Rate by Age Group: UK (1990 vs. 2025)

ONS; English Housing Survey; Resolution Foundation

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

The Decline of Western Global Power

Maddison Project, World Bank, IMF WEO

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

The Rising Value of a Human Life

UK OBR, NHS, Treasury data; HFN calculation

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

Covid-19 Accelerated Existing Trends

McKinsey Global Survey, Statista, various

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

HFN's 12 Forces Framework: Inevitable vs Broken

Framework from this article

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

East vs West: Covid-19 Response Outcomes

WHO, IMF, Johns Hopkins CSSE; data as of late 2020

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

The Covid Debt Surge: Additional Government Borrowing

IMF Fiscal Monitor; national budget offices

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Part 4

The Long Term Impact of Covid 19

The Pandemic Map: Estimated Excess Mortality per 100,000 Population (2020–2022)

The Economist excess deaths tracker; WHO; Our World in Data

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Part 4

The Silence Of The Scribes: How Every Civilisation That Controlled Speech Collapsed

Government Content Removal Requests to Major Platforms (2024)

Google Transparency Report 2024; X Transparency Center 2024; Meta Transparency Reports

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

Estimated Male Deaths by Major Conflict

Various historical sources; ranges shown as midpoint estimates

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

Percentage of Males Aged 18-30 Killed in Combat

War casualty estimates from military and demographic records

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

Male-to-Female Combat Death Ratio

Derived from military casualty records and demographic analysis

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

Women's Workforce Participation

US Bureau of Labor Statistics, ILO historical data

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

Timeline: Key Welfare State Milestones

Legislative records of UK, US, France, Germany

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

Cumulative Male War Dead Across All Six Conflicts

Aggregate from conflict data in this article

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Part 4

The Unintended Consequences of War: How the Loss of Young Men Transformed Women's Roles in Society and ushered in the Welfare State

The State Steps In: Government as Surrogate Provider

Legislative records; analysis from this article

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Part 4

What Does It Take To Get Europeans To Have A Revolution?

European Revolutions by Decade, 1640-2000

Compiled from revolutions catalogued in this article

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Part 4

What Does It Take To Get Europeans To Have A Revolution?

Revolution Causes: Social vs Ethnic Inequality

Classification from this article's analysis

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Part 4

What Does It Take To Get Europeans To Have A Revolution?

The Four Great Waves of Revolution

Categorisation from this article

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Part 4

What Does It Take To Get Europeans To Have A Revolution?

Revolution Conditions: Past vs Present

Analytical framework from this article

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Part 4

What Does It Take To Get Europeans To Have A Revolution?

Youth Unemployment in Crisis Countries (2011)

Eurostat, ILO, national statistics offices

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Part 4

What Does It Take To Get Europeans To Have A Revolution?

How Revolutions Spread: The Contagion Effect

Analysis from this article

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Part 4

What The History Of Immigration Teaches Us About Europe’s Future

Foreign-Born Population in European Countries

OECD, Eurostat, national statistics

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Part 4

What The History Of Immigration Teaches Us About Europe’s Future

Immigration to Europe: Volume and Share Over Time

UN Migration Data Portal; Eurostat

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Part 4

What The History Of Immigration Teaches Us About Europe’s Future

Immigration Waves: Source Regions by Era

Analysis from this article; Eurostat

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Part 4

When the Servants Are Silicon: What History's Leisure Classes Reveal About the AI Age

Japan's Workforce Gap: Who Does the Work When the Workers Are Gone?

UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2024; ratio extrapolation by HFN

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Part 4

When the Servants Are Silicon: What History's Leisure Classes Reveal About the AI Age

The Gentleman Scientist Effect: Amateur vs Professional Discovery

Derived from Merton (1938), Shapin (2008), Royal Society records

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Part 4

When the Servants Are Silicon: What History's Leisure Classes Reveal About the AI Age

The Hierarchy of Time: How Leisure Classes Spent Their Days

Reconstructed from Thompson (1967), Carcopino (1940), Davidoff (1973), Hansen (1991)

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Part 4

When the Servants Are Silicon: What History's Leisure Classes Reveal About the AI Age

Servants of Silicon: The Worker-to-Citizen Ratio Across History

Finley (1980), Scheidel (2005), Davidoff (1973), Elman (2000), IFR World Robotics

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Part 4

Who Guards The Guards? Bureaucracy, Empire, And The Eternal Struggle To Control The State

Growth of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations

Federal Register, George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center

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